A Research Guide for Students

For documentation in APA style, please see American Psychological Association.

For a detailed treatment on how to write a bibliography in MLA style with many more examples, please use the official MLA Handbook

Gibaldi, Joseph. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 6th ed. New York: MLA, 2003.

Please note, all entries should be typed double-spaced. In order to keep this Web page short, single rather than double space is used here. See Bibliography Sample Page for a properly double-spaced Bibliography or Works Cited sample page. Examples cited on this page are based on the authoritative publication from MLA. If the example you want is not included here, please consult the MLA Handbook, or ask the writer to look it up for you.

Format for entries: A single space is used after any punctuation mark. When dividing a long word or URL onto two lines, put hyphen, slash, or period at the end of the line. Do not add a hyphen to a URL that was not originally there. Never begin a new line with a punctuation mark.  Double-space all lines in a bibliography entry.  Do not indent the first line of a bibliography entry, indent second and subsequent lines 5 spaces, or 1/2" (1.25 cm) from the left margin. Please see Chapter 11. Guidelines on How to Write a Bibliography for details.

When writing a bibliography, remember that the purpose is to communicate to the reader, in a standardized manner, the sources that you have used in sufficient detail to be identified. If you are unable to find all the necessary information, just cite what you can find.

Contents:

  1. Book with one author or editor
  2. Book with two authors or editors
  3. Book with three authors or editors
  4. Book with more than three authors or editors
  5. Book with compilers and editors
  6. Book with no author or editor stated
  7. Book with one author, translated by another
  8. Work in an anthology, a collection by several authors, with one or more editors and/or compilers
  9. Article in an encyclopedia with no author stated
10. Article in an encyclopedia with an author
11. Article in a magazine, journal, periodical, newsletter, or or newspaper with no author stated
12. Article in a magazine, journal, periodical, newsletter, or newspaper with one or more authors
13. Article from SIRS (Social Issues Resources Series)  
14. Advertisement
15. Booklet, pamphlet, or brochure with no author stated
16. Booklet, pamphlet, or brochure with an author
17. Book, movie or film review
18. CD-ROM
19. Computer service, e.g. BRS, DIALOG, MEAD, etc.
20. Definition from a dictionary
21. Film, movie
22. Government publication
23. Internet
24. Interview
25. Lecture
26. Letter, editorial
27. Map, chart
28. Musical composition
29. Painting, photograph, sculpture, architecture, or other art form
30. Patent
31. Performance (ballet, concert, musical, opera, play, theatrical performance)
32. Radio, Television
33. Recording - Music CD, LP, magnetic tape
34. Software on floppy disk
35. Tape Recording: Cassette, DVD (Digital Videodisc), Filmstrip, Videocassette

1. Book with one author or editor:

Berkowitz, Bruce. The New Face of War: How War Will Be Fought in the
        21st Century. New York: Free, 2003.

Biale, David, ed. Cultures of the Jews: A New History. New York: Schocken, 2002.

Bowker, Michael. Fatal Deception: The Untold Story of Asbestos: Why It Is Still Legal
        and Still Killing Us. N.p.: Rodale, 2003.

N.p. = No place of publication indicated.

Laporte, Leo.  Poor Leo's 2002 Computer Almanac. Indianapolis, IN: Que, 2002.

Maltin, Leonard, ed. Movie & Video Guide 2002 Edition. New York: New American, 2001.

Puzo, Mario. The Family: A Novel. Completed by Carol Gino. New York: Harper, 2001.

Rowling, J.K. Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets. New York: Scholastic, 1999.

---. Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban. Thorndike, ME: Thorndike, 2000.

Rushdie, Salman. Step Across This Line: Collected Nonfiction 1992-2002. Toronto: 
        Knopf, 2002.

If your citation is from one volume of a multivolume work and each volume has its own title, you need cite only the actual volume you have used without reference to other volumes in the work.

Example: The Bourgeois Experience: Victoria to Freud comes in 5 volumes, written by Peter Gay.

(Title of Vol. 1: Education of the Senses)

Gay, Peter. Education of the Senses. New York: Norton, 1999.

(Title of Vol. 2: The Tender Passion)

Gay, Peter. The Tender Passion. New York: Oxford UP, 1986.

(Title of Vol. 3: The Cultivation of Hatred)

Gay, Peter. The Cultivation of Hatred. London: Harper, 1994.

(Title of Vol. 4: The Naked Heart)

Gay, Peter. The Naked Heart. New York: Norton, 1995.

(Title of Vol. 5: Pleasure Wars)

Gay, Peter. Pleasure Wars. New York: Norton, 1998.

2. Book with two authors or editors:

Bohlman, Herbert M., and Mary Jane Dundas. The Legal, Ethical and International
        Environment of Business. 5th ed. Cincinnati, OH: West, 2002.

Bolman, Lee G., and Terrence E. Deal. Leading with Soul: An Uncommon Journey
        of Spirit. New and rev. ed. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2001.

Cohen, Andrew, and J.L. Granatstein, eds. Trudeau's Shadow: The Life and Legacy
        of Pierre Elliott Trudeau. Toronto: Random, 1998.

3. Book with three authors or editors:

Clancy, Tom, Carl Stiner, and Tony Koltz. Shadow Warriors: Inside the Special 
        Forces. New York: Putnam, 2002.

Larsson, Mans O., Alexander Z. Speier, and Jennifer R. Weiss, eds. Let's Go:
        Germany 1998. New York: St. Martin's, 1998.

Palmer, R.R., Joel Colton, and Lloyd Kramer. A History of the Modern World: To 1815. 
        9th ed. New York: Knopf, 2002.

Suzuki, David, Amanda McConnell, and Maria DeCambra. The Sacred Balance: 
        A Visual Celebration of Our Place in Nature. Vancouver: Greystone, 2002.

4. Book with more than three authors or editors:

You have a choice of listing all of the authors or editors in the order as they appear on the title page of the book, or use "et al." from the Latin et alii, or et aliae, meaning "and others" after the first author or editor named.  

Blanchard, Kenneth H., Sheldon Bowles, Don Carew, and Eunice Parisi-Carew. 
        High Five! The Magic of Working Together. New York: Harper, 2001.

or,

Blanchard, Kenneth H., et al. High Five! The Magic of Working Together. New York:
        Harper, 2001.

Hogan, David J., et al., eds. The Holocaust Chronicle: A History in Words and Pictures.
        Lincolnwood, IL: Publications International, 2000.

Rogerson, Holly Deemer, et al. Words for Students of English: A Vocabulary
        Series for ESL. Vol. 6. Advanced Level ESL. Pittsburgh, PA: U of
        Pittsburgh P, 1989.

5. Book with compilers and editors:

McClay, John B., and Wendy L. Matthews, comps. and eds. Corpus Juris Humorous:
        A Compilation of Outrageous, Unusual, Infamous and Witty Judicial Opinions
        from 1256 A.D. to the Present. New York: Barnes, 1994.

O'Reilly, James, Larry Habegger, and Sean O'Reilly, comps. and eds. Danger:
        True Stories of Trouble and Survival. San Francisco: Travellers' Tales, 1999.

6. Book with no author or editor stated:

Maclean's Canada's Century: An Illustrated History of the People and Events
        that Shaped Our Identity. Toronto: Key Porter, 1999.

Microsoft PowerPoint Version 2002 Step by Step. Redmond, WA: Perspection, 2001.

7. Book with one author, translated by another:

Muller, Melissa. Anne Frank: The Biography. Trans. Rita and Robert Kimber.
        New York: Metropolitan, 1998.

8. Work in an anthology, a collection by several authors, with one or more editors and/or compilers:

Fox, Charles James. "Liberty Is Order, Liberty Is Strength." What Is a Man?
        3,000 Years of Wisdom on the Art of Manly Virtue. Ed. Waller R. Newell.
        New York: Harper, 2001. 306-7.

Wilcox, Robert K. "Flying Blind." Danger: True Stories of Trouble and Survival.
        Comp. and ed. James O'Reilly, Larry Habegger, and Sean O'Reilly. 
        San Francisco: Travellers' Tales, 1999. 211-22.

9. Article in an encyclopedia with no author stated:

"Nazi Party." New Encyclopaedia Britannica. 1997 ed.

"Tajikistan." World Book Encyclopedia of People and Places. 2000 ed.

10. Article in an encyclopedia with an author:

If the encyclopedia is well known and articles are arranged alphabetically, it is not necessary to indicate the volume and page numbers. If the encyclopedia is not well known, you must give full publication information including author, title of article, title of encyclopedia, name of editor or edition, number of volumes in the set, place of publication, publisher and year of publication.

Kibby, Michael W. "Dyslexia." World Book Encyclopedia. 2000 ed.

Midge, T. "Powwows." Encyclopedia of North American Indians. Ed. D.L. Birchfield.
        11 vols. New York: Marshall Cavendish, 1997.

11. Article in a magazine, journal, periodical, newsletter, or newspaper with no author stated:

"100 Years of Dust and Glory." Popular Mechanics Sept. 2001: 70-75.

"Celestica to Repair Palm Handhelds." Globe and Mail [Toronto] 29 Oct. 2002: B6.

"Class Acts: An Outstanding Young Western New Yorker." Buffalo News 12 Jan. 2003: C2.

"Police Probe New Shooting." Buffalo News 20 Oct. 2002: A1+.

"E-Money Slips Quietly into Oblivion." Nikkei Weekly [Tokyo] 22 Jan. 2001: 4.

12. Article in a magazine, journal, periodical, newsletter, or newspaper with one or more authors:

Use "+" for pages that are not consecutive. 

Example: When numbering pages, use "60-65" if page numbers are consecutive. Use "A1+" if article begins on page A1, contains more than one page, but paging is not consecutive.  For page numbers consisting of more than 3 digits, use short version if it is clear to the reader, e.g. 220-268 may be written as 220-68, but 349-560 must be written in full.

Note also that there is no period after the month. The period in "Mar." is for the abbreviation of March.  If there are 4 or less letters in the month, e.g. May, June, and July, the months are not abbreviated. If the publication date is June 2, 2003, citation will be 2 June 2003.

Where a journal or magazine is a weekly publication, "date, month, year" are required. Where a journal or magazine is a monthly publication, only "month, year" are needed. 

Where a newspaper title does not indicate the location of publication, add the city of publication between square brackets, e.g. Daily Telegraph [London]. Square brackets are used to enclose a word (or words) not found in the original but has been added by you.

An article in a scholarly journal is treated somewhat differently:

Nielsen, Laura Beth. "Subtle, Pervasive, Harmful: Racist and Sexist Remarks in
        Public as Hate Speech." Journal of Social Issues 58.2 (2002): 265.

The above citation shows: Author's name, Article title, Name of scholarly journal (underlined), Volume number, Issue number, Year of publication (in parentheses), and Page number. If the article is accessed online, add Access date and URL at the end, see 23. Internet below.

Adis, Joachim, Oliver Zompro, Esther Moombolah-Goagoses, and Eugene Marais.
        "Gladiators: A New Order of Insects." Scientific American Nov. 2002: 60-65.

or,

Adis, Joachim, et al. "Gladiators: A New Order of Insects." Scientific American 
        Nov. 2002: 60-65.

Cave, Andrew. "Microsoft and Sun Settle Java Battle." Daily Telegraph [London]
        25 Jan. 2001: 36.

Filippenko, Alexei V. "When Stars Explode." Astronomy Feb. 2003: 42-47.

Mitchell, Rita. "Internet Activities: Travel the United States." Classroom Connect
        Newsletter Summer 2002: 22-23.

O'Brien, Barbara, and Karen Robinson. "New Rules for Private Ponds." Buffalo News
        20 Oct. 2002: A1+.

Petroski, Henry. "Framing Hypothesis: A Cautionary Tale." American Scientist Jan.-Feb.
        2003: 18-22.

Plueddeman, Charles. "2003 Snowmobiles: Hot." Popular Science Dec. 2002: 112.

Plungis, Jeff, Ed Garsten, and Mark Truby. "Caremakers' Challenge: Green, Mean
        Machines." Detroit News and Free Press Metro ed. 12 Jan. 2003: 1A+.

Ross, Rachel. "'My Robot Will Call Your Robot.'" Toronto Star 29 Oct. 2002: A1+.

Svitil, Kathy A. "Can I Pour You a Pint of Light?" Discover Nov. 2002: 12.

Takasz, Jay. "Catholic Schools Look at Mergers." Buffalo News 12 Jan. 2003: C1+.

Tumulty, Karen, and Viveca Novak. "Dodging the Bullet." Time 4 Nov. 2002: 25-26.

Vallis, Mary. "Second-Hand Mattresses Linked to Infant Deaths." National Post
         [Toronto] 1 Nov. 2002: A3.

Wolanski, Eric, Robert Richmond, Laurence McCook, and Hugh Sweatman. "Mud,
        Marine Snow and Coral Reefs." American Scientist Jan.-Feb. 2003: 44-51.

or,

Wolanski, Eric, et al.  "Mud, Marine Snow and Coral Reefs." American Scientist
        Jan.-Feb. 2003: 44-51.

13. Article from SIRS (Social Issues Resources Series):

Suggested citation example from SIRS:

Bluestone, Barry, and Irving Bluestone. "Workers (and Managers) of the World Unite." 
        Technology Review Nov./Dec. 1992: 30-40. Reprinted in WORK. (Boca Raton, FL:
        Social Issues Resource Series, 1992), Article No. 20.

Example in MLA style:

Bluestone, Barry, and Irving Bluestone. "Workers (and Managers) of the World Unite."
        Technology Review Nov./Dec. 1992: 30-40. Work. Ed. Eleanor Goldstein. Vol. 5.
        Boca Raton: SIRS, 1992. Art. 20.

14. Advertisement:

Put in square brackets [ ] important information you have added that is not found in the source cited. To cite an advertisement found on the Internet, see Item 23.

IBM. Advertisement. Globe and Mail [Toronto]. 29 Oct. 2002: B7.

Microsoft. Advertisement. eWeek. 17 June 2002: 24-25.

verbalAdvantage. Advertisement. Discover Jan. 2003: 26.

Wrigley's Spearmint Gum. Advertisement. Newsweek. 23 Sept. 2002: 78.

15. Booklet, pamphlet, or brochure with no author stated:

Diabetes Care: Blood Glucose Monitoring. Burnaby, BC: LifeScan Canada, 1997.

16. Booklet, pamphlet, or brochure with an author:

Zimmer, Henry B. Canplan: Your Canadian Financial Planning Software. Calgary, AB:
        Springbank, 1994.

17. Book, movie or film review:

May use short forms: Rev. (Review), Ed. (Edition, Editor, or Edited), Comp. (Compiled, Compiler).

Creager, Angela N.H. "Crystallizing a Life in Science." Rev. of Rosalind Franklin: The
        Dark Lady of DNA, by Brenda Maddox. American Scientist Jan.-Feb. 2003: 64-66.

Dillon, Brenda. "Hana's Suitcase." Rev. of Hana's Suitcase, by Karen Levine.
        Professionally Speaking June 2003: 36.

Foley, Margaret. "Measured Deception." Rev. of The Measure of All Things: The 
        Seven-Year Odyssey and Hidden Error That Transformed the World, by Ken Alder.
        Discover Nov. 2002: 77.

Groskop, Viv. "Chinese Torture - at Five." Rev. of The Binding Chair, by Kathryn
        Harrison. International Express 6 June 2000, Canadian ed. : 37.

Hoffman, Michael J. "Huck's Ironic Circle." Rev. of The Adventures of Huckleberry
        Finn, by Mark Twain. Modern Critical Interpretations of Mark Twain's
        Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea,
        1986, 31-44.

Iragui, Vicente. Rev. of Injured Brains of Medical Minds: Views from Within, comp.
        and ed. Narinder Kapur. New England Journal of Medicine 26 Feb. 1998:
        629-30.

Onstad, Katrina. "A Life of Pain and Paint." Rev. of Frida, dir. Julie Taymor. National
        Post [Toronto] 1 Nov. 2002: PM1+.

Simic, Charles. "The Image Hunter." Rev. of Joseph Cornell: Master of Dreams, by 
        Diane Waldman. New York Review 24 Oct. 2002: 14+.

18. CD-ROM:

LeBlanc, Susan and Cameron MacKeen. "Racism and the Landfill." Chronicle-Herald
        7 Mar. 1992: B1. CD-ROM. SIRS 1993 Ethnic Groups. Vol. 4. Art. 42.

Links 2003: Championship Courses. CD-ROM. Microsoft Game Studios, 2002.

YellowPages.city: Toronto-Central West Edition, 1998. CD-ROM. Montreal:
        Tele-Direct, 1998.

19. Computer service - e.g. BRS, DIALOG, MEAD, etc.:

Landler, Mark. "Can U.S. Companies Even Get a Bonjour?" New York Times,
        Late Ed. - Final Ed., 1. 2 Oct. 1995. DIALOG File 472, item 03072065
        197653951002.

20. Definition from a dictionary:

When citing a definition from a dictionary, add the abbreviation Def. after the word. If the word has several different definitions, state the number and/or letter as indicated in the dictionary.

"Mug." Def. 2. The New Lexicon Webster's Encyclopedic Dictionary of the
        English Language. Canadian ed. 1988.

21. Film, Movie:

Short forms may be used, e.g. dir. (directed by), narr. (narrated by), perf. (performers), prod. (produced by), writ. (written by). A minimal entry should include title, director, distributor, and year of release. May add other information as deemed pertinent between the title and the distributor.

One Hour Photo. Writ. and Dir. Mark Romanek. Prod. Christine Vachon, Pam Koffler, 
        and Stan Wlodkowski. Perf. Robin Williams. Fox Searchlight, 2002.    

Titanic. Dir., writ., prod., ed. James Cameron. Prod. Jon Landau. Twentieth
        Century Fox and Paramount, 1997.

The Tuxedo. Dir. Kevin Donovan. Prod. John H. Williams, and Adam Schroeder. 
        Perf. Jackie Chan and Jennifer Love Hewitt. DreamWorks, 2002. 

22. Government publication:

Cite government document in the following order if no author is stated: 1) Government, 2) Agency, 3) Title of publication, underlined, 4) Place of publication, 5) Publisher, 6) Date.

For examples on how to cite more complicated government documents such as Congressional Records, please see MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 6th ed.

Canada. Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development. Gathering Strength:
        Canada's Aboriginal Action Plan. Ottawa: Minister of Public Works and
        Government Services Canada, 2000.

United States. National Council on Disability. Carrying on the Good Fight -
        Summary Paper from Think Tank 2000 - Advancing the Civil and Human
        Rights of People with Disabilities from Diverse Cultures. Washington:
        GPO, 2000.

Note: GPO = Government Printing Office in Washington, DC which publishes most of the U.S. federal government documents.

23. Internet:

Basic components of an Internet citation:

1) Author. 

2) "Title of Article, Web page or site" in quotation marks. 

3) Title of Magazine, Journal, Newspaper, Newsletter, Book, Encyclopedia, or Project, underlined. 

4) Editor of Project. 

5) Indicate type of material, e.g. advertisement, cartoon, clipart, electronic card, interview, map, online posting, photograph, working paper, etc. if not obvious. 

6) Date of article, of Web page or site creation, revision, posting, last update, or date last modified. 

7) Group, association, name of forum, sponsor responsible for Web page or Web site. 

8) Access date (the date you accessed the Web page or site). 

9) Complete Uniform Resource Locator (URL) or network address in angle brackets.

Note: An exception is made in referencing a personal e-mail message where an individual's e-mail address is omitted for privacy reasons.

Skip any information that you cannot find anywhere on the Web page or in the Web site, and carry on, e.g. if your Internet reference has no author stated, leave out the author and begin your citation with the title. Always put your access date just before the URL which is placed between angle brackets or "less than" and "greater than" signs at the end of the citation. Generally, a minimum of three items are required for an Internet citation: Title, Access Date, and URL.

If the URL is too long for a line, divide the address where it creates the least ambiguity and confusion, e.g. do not divide a domain name and end with a period such as geocities. Do not divide a term in the URL that is made up of combined words e.g. SchoolHouseRock. Never add a hyphen at the end of the line to indicate syllabical word division unless the hyphen is actually found in the original URL. Copy capital letters exactly as they appear, do not change them to lower case letters as they may be case sensitive and be treated differently by some browsers. Remember that the purpose of indicating the URL is for readers to be able to access the Web page. Accuracy and clarity are essential.

a. Internet citation for an advertisement:

IBM. Advertisement. 23 Mar. 2003 <http://www.bharatiyahockey.org/2000Olympics/
        ibm.htm>.

TheraTears. Advertisement. 2001. 7 June 2003 <http://www.theratears.com/dryeye.htm>.

b. Internet citation for an article from an online database, study guide, magazine, journal, periodical, newsletter, or newspaper with one or more authors stated:

Clifford, Erin. "Review of Neuropsychology." SparkNotes. 3 Sept. 2003
        <http://www.sparknotes.com/psychology/neuro/review>. 

English, John. "Sir Robert Laird Borden." World Book Encyclopedia. 1 Jan. 2002. 
        bigchalk Canada Library. 7 June 2003 <http://library.bigchalk.ca>. 

Marshall, Leon. "Mandela in Retirement: Peacemaker without Rest." 9 Feb. 2001. 
        National Geographic 7 June 2003 <http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/
        2001/02/0209_mandela.html>.

Thomason, Larisa. "Beginner Tip: Presenting Your Page with Style." Webmaster Tips
        Newsletter. July 2000. NetMechanic. 7 June 2003 <http://www.netmechanic.com/ 
        news/vol3/beginner_no7.htm>.

Zhang, Peter. "The Failure of Beijing's One-Child Policy." New Australian. 
        No. 82. 13-19 July 1998. 7 June 2003 <http://www.newaus.com.au/asia10.html>.

Some online database services suggest that you add not only the name of the service but the library where the database is accessed, as well as the location of the library, e.g.:

Gearan, Anne. "Justice Dept: Gun Rights Protected." Washington Post. 8 May 2002. 
        SIRS. Iona Catholic Secondary School, Mississauga, ON. 6 June 2003 
        <http://www.sirs.com>.

The MLA Handbook suggests that only essential information need be used "to identify a source and give sufficient information to allow a reader to locate it" (207).  Regardless of which library subscribes to the database service, or where a person uses the service, the information obtained would be the same if the same service is used.  As far as the MLA citation is concerned, it would appear that there is no need to make reference to the name of the specific library that subscribes to the service, nor is there a need to indicate the location of the library where information is accessed.

Inclusion of the following information should suffice:

1) Author or Authors. 2) "Title and Subtitle of Article." 3) Original Source of Article. 4) Date of Article. 5) Page or Pages of Article. 6) Name of Database Used by the Service. 7) Name of the Service. 8) Date of Access. 9) URL of the Service's Homepage.

Gearan, Anne. "Justice Dept: Gun Rights Protected." Washington Post. 8 May 2002. 
        SIRS. 6 June 2003 <http://www.sirs.com>.

DeMont, John. "Growing Up Large." Maclean's. 5 Aug. 2002: 20-26. SIRS. 28 Apr. 2003
        <http://www.sirs.com>.

c. Internet citation for an article from an online encyclopedia:

"Ho Chi Minh." Encarta Encyclopedia. 2003. Microsoft. 7 June 2003
        <http://encarta.msn.com>.

"Ho Chi Minh." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2003. Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service.
        7 June 2003 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?eu=41510>.

d. Internet citation for an article from an online magazine, journal, periodical, newsletter, or newspaper with no author stated:

"Childcare Industry 'Should Welcome Men'." BBC News Online: Education.7 June 2003. 
        8 June 2003 <http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/low/education/2971310.stm>.

e. Internet citation for an article in a scholarly journal:

Nielsen, Laura Beth. "Subtle, Pervasive, Harmful: Racist and Sexist Remarks in
        Public as Hate Speech." Journal of Social Issues 58.2 (2002). 7 June 2003
        <http://www.abf-sociolegal.org/Research_Fellows/Nielsen/Nielsen_main.htm>.

f. Internet citation for a cartoon, chart, clipart, comics, map, painting, photo, sculpture, sound clip, etc.:

"Islamic State of Afghanistan: Political Map." Map. Atlapedia Online. 1993-2003.
        Latimer Clarke. 7 June 2003 <http://www.atlapedia.com/online/maps/
        political/Afghan_etc.htm>.

Kersten, Rick, and Pete Kersten. "Congratulations!" Electronic card. Blue Mountain Arts.
        2000. 7 June 2003 <http://www.bluemountain.com/
        display.pd?path=35041&bfrom=1&prodnum=3032062&>.

Schulz, Charles. "Peanuts Collection - Snoopy Cuddling Woodstock." Cartoon. Art.com.
        7 June 2003 <http://www.art.com/asp/sp.asp?PD=10037710&RFID=814547>.

"Woodhull, Victoria C." American History 102 Photo Gallery. 1997. State
        Historical Society of Wisconsin. 7 June 2003 <http://us.history.wisc.edu/
        hist102/photos/html/1023.html>.

g. Internet citation for an e-mail (email) from an individual, a listserve, an organization, or citation for an article forwarded from an online database by e-mail:

Barr, Susan I. "The Creatine Quandry." Bicycling Nov. 1998.  EBSCOhost Mailer.
        E-mail to E. Interior. 11 May 2003.

Kenrick, John. "Re: Link to Musicals101.com." E-mail to I. Lee. 10 May 2003.

"Library Hot Five #184: Professional Development." E-mail to author. 5 June 2003
        <HOT5@LISTSERV.CLASSROOM.COM>.

PicoSearch. "Your PicoSearch Account is Reindexed." E-mail to John Smith.
        7 June 2003.

h. Internet citation for an online government publication:

Canada. Office of the Auditor General of Canada and the Treasury Board
         Secretariat. Modernizing Accountability Practices in the Public Sector.
         6 Jan. 1998. 7 June 2003 <http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/rma/account/
         OAGTBS_E.html>.

United States. National Archives and Records Administration. The Bill of Rights. 
        29 Jan. 1998. 7 June 2003 <http://www.archives.gov/exhibit_hall/
        charters_of_freedom/bill_of_rights/bill_of_rights.html>.

i. Internet citation for an online posting, forum, letter to the editor:

Kao, Ivy. "Keep Spreading the Word." Online posting. 4 June 2003. Reader Responses,
        Opinion Journal, Wall Street Journal Editorial Page. 7 June 2003
       <http://www.opinionjournal.com/la/responses.html?article_id=110003579>.

Kostecki, Dennis. "Environment and Myth." Online posting. 19 May 2000. 
        EarthSystems.org EcoTalk. 12 Aug. 2000 <http://www.earthsystems.org/
        list/ecotalk/0573.html>.

j. Internet citation for an online project, an information database, a personal or professional Web site:

The MAD Scientist Network. 1995-2001 or 30 Feb. 1906. Washington U 
        School of Medicine. 26 Sept. 2001. <http://www.madsci.org>.

O'Connor, J.J., and E.F. Robertson. "John Wilkins." Dec. 1996. U of St. Andrews,
        Scotland. 19 Mar. 2003 <http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/
        Mathematicians/Wilkins.html>.

Savill, R. Richard. "Jazz Age Biographies." The Jazz Age Page. 23 Oct. 2000. 
        30 May 2003 <http://www.btinternet.com/~dreklind/Jazzhome.htm>.

Sullivan, Danny. "Search Engine Math." 1996-2001. Search Engine Watch. 12 Feb.
        2001 <http://www.searchenginewatch.com/facts/math.html>.

Wurmser, Meyrav, and Yotam Feldner. "Is Israel Negotiating with the Hamas?"
        Inquiry and Analysis No. 16. 23 Mar. 1999. The Middle East Media and 
        Research Institute. 12 Feb. 2001 <http://www.memri.org/ia/IA1699.html>.

k. Internet citation for a software download:

It is not essential to include the file size. Do so if preferred by your instructor.

RAMeSize. Vers. 1.04. 15K. 24 Sept. 2000. Blue Dice Software. 12 Oct. 2002 
        <http://www.pcworld.com/downloads/file_download.asp?fid=7605>.

l. Internet citation for a speech taken from a published work with an editor:

Lincoln, Abraham. "The Gettysburg Address." 1863. The Collected Works of
        Abraham Lincoln. Ed. Roy P. Basler. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers UP,
        1955. Abraham Lincoln Online. 23 Mar. 2003 <http://showcase.netins.net/
        web/creative/lincoln/speeches/gettysburg.htm>. 

m. Internet citation for a work translated and edited by another:

Augustine, Saint, Bishop of Hippo. Confessions & Enchiridion. Trans. and ed. 
        Albert C. Outler. 1955. Dallas, TX: Southern Methodist U. 6 Mar. 2003
        <http://www.ccel.org/a/augustine/confessions/confessions_enchiridion.txt>.

24. Interview:

Longin, Helmut. President.  Industry Union of Austria. Vice-President. Association
        of Austrian Industrialists. Telephone interview. 14 Sept. 2003.

Wyse, Randall. President. Wyse Choice Limousine Services. Personal interview.
        31 July 2003.

25. Lecture:

Bradley, Vicki. "Marriage." Agnes Arnold Hall, U of Houston. 15 Mar. 2003.

26. Letter, editorial:

An editorial:

Wilson-Smith, Anthony. "Hello, He Must Be Going." Editorial. Maclean's 26 Aug. 2002: 4.

Letter to the Editor:

Woods, Brede M. Letter. Newsweek 23 Sept. 2002: 16.

Kolbert, Elizabeth. "Six Billion Short: How Will the Mayor Make Ends Meet?" Letter.
        New Yorker 13 Jan. 2003: 33-37.

Reply to a letter to the Editor:

Geens, Jennifer. Reply to letter of Bill Clark. Toronto Star 29 Sept. 2002: A1.

A letter you received from John Smith:

Smith, John. Letter to the author. 15 May 2003.

Published letter in a collection:

Twain, Mark. "Banned in Concord." Letter to Charles L. Webster. 18 Mar. 1885.
        Letter 850318 of Mark Twain. Ed. Jim Zwick. 1995-2001. 7 June 2003
        <http://www.boondocksnet.com/twaintexts/letters/letter850318.html>.

27. Map or Chart:

Treat citation as if it is a book with no author stated. Indicate if the citation is for a chart or a map.

2003 Andex Chart for Canadian Investors. Chart. Windsor, ON: Andex Associates Inc., 
        2003.

Canada. Map. Ottawa: Canadian Geographic, 2003.

28. Musical composition:

Components: 1) Name of composer. 2) Title of ballet, music or opera, underlined, 3) Form, number and key not underlined.

Beethoven, Ludwig van. Für Elise.

Strauss, Richard. Träumerei, op. 9, no. 4.

Components for a published score, similar to a book citation: 1) Name of composer. 2) Underline title of ballet, music, opera, as well as no. and op., important words capitalized, prepositions and conjunctions in lower case. 3) Date composition written. 4) Place of publication: 5) Publisher, 6) Date of publication.

Chopin, Frederic. Mazurka Op. 7, No. 1. New York: Fischer, 1918.

Ledbetter, Huddie, and John Lomax. Goodnight, Irene. 1936. New York: Spencer, 1950.

Stier, Walter C. Sweet Bye and Bye. London: Paxton, 1953.

Weber, Carl Maria von. Invitation to the Dance Op. 65. 1819. London: Harris, 1933.

29. Painting, photograph, sculpture, architecture, or other art form

Components for citing original artwork: 1) Name of artist. 2) Title of artwork, underlined. 3) Date artwork created. 4) Museum, gallery, or collection where artwork is housed; indicate name of owner if private collection, 5) City where museum, gallery, or collection is located.

Ashoona, Kiawak. Smiling Family. 1966. McMichael Canadian Art Collection, 
        Kleinburg, ON.

Brancusi, Constantin. The Kiss. 1909. Tomb of T. Rachevskaia, Montparnasse 
        Cemetery, Paris.

The Great Sphinx. [c. 2500 BC]. Giza.

Ingres, Jean-Auguste-Dominique. Odalisque. 1814. Louvre Museum, Paris.

Raphael. The School of Athens. 1510-11. Stanza della Segnatura, Vatican Palace, 
        Rome.

Rude, François. La Marseillaise. 1833-36. Arc de Triomphe, Paris.

Components for artwork cited from a book: 1) Name of artist. 2) Underline title of artwork. 3) Date artwork created (if date is uncertain use [c. 1503] meaning [circa 1503] or around the year 1503). 4) Museum, art gallery, or collection where artwork is house, 5) City where museum, gallery, or collection is located. 6) Title of book used. 7) Author or editor of book. 8) Place of publication: 9) Publisher, 10) Date of publication. 11) Other relevant information, e.g. figure, page, plate, or slide number. 

Abell, Sam. Japan. 1984. National Geographic Photographs: The Milestones. 
        By Leah Bendavid-Val, et al. Washington, DC: National Geographic, 1999.
        232.

Carr, Emily. A Haida Village. [c. 1929]. McMichael Canadian Art Collection, 
        Kleinburg, ON. The McMichael Canadian Art Collection. By Jean Blodgett, 
        et al. Toronto: McGraw, 1989. 134.

Käsebier, Gertrude. The Magic Crystal. [c. 1904]. Royal Photographic Society, 
        Bath. A Basic History of Art. By H.W. Janson and Anthony F. Janson. 
        Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice, 1991. 412.

Leonardo, da Vinci. Mona Lisa (La Gioconda). [c. 1503-5]. Louvre Museum, 
        Paris. Favorite Old Master Paintings from the Louvre Museum. New York:
        Abbeville, 1979. 31. 

Michelangelo. David. 1501-04. Accademia di Belle Arti, Florence. The Great
        Masters. By Giorgio Vasari. Trans. Gaston Du C. de Vere.  New York: 
        Park Lane, 1986. 226.

Sullivan, Louis. Wainright Building. 1890-91. St. Louis, MO. A Basic History of Art.
        By H.W. Janson and Anthony F. Janson. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice, 
        1991. 408.

Tohaku, Deme. Ko-omote Female Mask. Edo period [1603-1867], Japan. Náprstek
        Museum, Prague. The World of Masks. By Erich Herold, et al. Trans. Dušan
        Zbavitel. London: Hamlyn, 1992. 207.

Vanvitelli, Luigi, and Nicola Salvi. Chapel of St. John the Baptist. 1742-51. São Roque,
       Lisbon. By Rolf Toman, ed. Baroque: Architecture, Sculpture, Painting. Cologne: 
       Könemann, 1998. 118.

Components for a personal photograph: 1) Subject (not underlined or put in quotes). 2) Name of person who took the photograph. 3) Date photograph taken.

War in Iraq: Operation Iraq Freedom on CNN. Personal photograph by author.
        22 Mar. 2003.

Great Wall of China, Beijing, China. Personal photograph by B. Davenport. 28 June 2003.

30. Patent:

Components: 1) Patent inventor(s) or owner(s). 2) Title of patent. 3) Issuing country and patent number. 4) Date patent was issued. 

Arbter, Klaus, and Guo-Qing Wei. "Verfahren zur Nachführung eines Stereo-Laparoskope
        in der minimal invasiven Chirurgie." German Patent 3943917. July 1996.

"Conversion of Calcium Compounds into Solid and Gaseous Compounds." US Patent 5078813.
        27 Sept. 1988.

Kamen, Dean L., et al. "Transportation Vehicles and Methods." US Patent 5971091. 
        26 Oct. 1999.

31. Performance: (ballet, concert, musical, opera, play, theatrical performance)

The Hobbit. By J.R.R. Tolkien. Dir. Kim Selody. Perf. Herbie Barnes, Michael
        Simpson, and Chris Heyerdahl. Living Arts Centre, Mississauga, ON. 
        20 Apr. 2002.

Disney's The Lion King. By Roger Allers and Irene Mecchi. Dir. Julie Taymor. 
        Music and lyrics by Elton John and Tim Rice. Princess of Wales Theatre,
        Toronto. 9 Jun. 2002.

The Nutcracker. By Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. Chor. and Libretto by James 
        Kudelka. Cond. Ormsby Wilkins and Uri Mayer. National Ballet of
        Canada. Hummingbird Centre, Toronto. 30 Dec. 1999.

Phantom of the Opera. By Andrew Lloyd Webber. Lyrics by Charles Hart. 
        Dir. Harold Prince. Based on novel by Gaston Leroux. Pantages Theatre,
        Toronto. 20 Sept. 1998. 

32. Radio, television:

Components: 1) Title of episode, underlined; or in quotes if appropriate. 2) Title of program, underlined. 3) Title of series. 4) Name of network. 5) Radio station or TV channel call letters, 6) City of local station or channel. 6) Broadcast date.

The CFRB Morning Show. By Ted Woloshyn. CFRB Radio, Toronto. 12 Sept. 2003.

Law and Order. Prod. Wolf Film, Universal Television. NBC Television Network.
        WHEC, Rochester, NY. 16 Oct. 2002.

"New Threat from Osama?" By Jim Stewart. CBS News. WBEN, Buffalo.
        13 Nov. 2002.

"New York Museum Celebrates Life of Einstein." By Martha Graybow. Reuters, 
        New York. WBFO, Buffalo. 13 Nov. 2002.

"The Nightmare Drug." By Bob McKeown, Linden MacIntyre, and Hana Gartner. 
        The Fifth Estate. CBC, Toronto. 16 Oct. 2002.

"U.S.: Tape Sounds Like Bin Laden." AP, Washington, DC. On Your Side.
        WGRZ-TV, Buffalo. 13 Nov. 2002.

Components:

1) Name of author, composer, singer, or editor. 2) Title of song (in quotation marks). 3) Title of recording (underlined). 4) Publication medium (LP, CD, magnetic tape, etc.). 5) Edition, release, or version. 6) Place of publication: Publisher, Date of publication. If citing from Internet, see Item 23.

Backstreet Boys. Larger than Life. Millennium. CD. Exclusive Management by
        The Firm, Los Angeles, CA. Mastered by Tom Coyne, Sterling Sound, NYC.
        Zomba, 1999.

Burch, Marilyn Reesor. Mosaic. CD. Writ., dir. and prod. Marilyn Reesor 
        Burch. Choirs dir. Don and Catherine Robertson. Barrie, ON: Power 
        Plant Recording Studio, n.d.

or,

Burch, Marilyn Reesor. Mosaic. CD. Writ., dir. and prod. Marilyn Reesor 
        Burch. Choirs dir. Don and Catherine Robertson. Barrie, ON: Power 
        Plant Recording Studio, [c. 1997].

Note: "n.d." means "no date" available. [c. 1997] means "circa 1997."

McDonald, Michael. No Lookin' Back. LP. Prod. Michael McDonald and
        Ted Templeman. Engineered and mixed by Ross Pallone. Warner Bros.,
        1985.

Mitchell, Joni. Both Sides Now. CD. Reprise Records, Time Warner. 
        Dist. Warner Music Canada, Scarborough, ON, 2000.

ZZ Top Afterburner. LP. Prod. Bill Ham. Songs writ. Billy Gibbons, Dusty Hill, 
        and Frank Beard. Houston, TX: Warner Bros., 1985.

34. Software on floppy disk:

ThinkPad ACP Patch for ThinkPad 600, 770, and 770E. Diskette. Vers. 1.0. 
        IBM, 1998.

35. Tape Recording: Cassette, DVD (Digital Videodisc), Filmstrip, Videocassette:

It is not essential to indicate the time. Do so if preferred by your instructor.

Covey, Stephen R. Living the 7 Habits: Applications and Insights. Cassette
        tape recording read by author. New York: Simon, Audio Div., 1995.
        1 hr. 30 min.

Ginger. Solid Ground. Cassette tape recording from album Far Out. Vancouver:
        Nettwerk, 1994. 3 min. 47 sec.

Jane Austen's Emma. Videocassette. Meridian Broadcasting. New York:
        New Video Group, 1996. Color. 107 min.

Super Searching the Web. Videocassette. Lancaster, PA: Classroom Connect, 
        1997. 23 min.